Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• drug is deposited in the form of a thin layer on the external surface of the microneedle. Various coating techniques have been reported in the literature and summarized elsewhere [171][172][173]. The simplest method is dip coating, in which the microneedle array is immersed in the coating liquid and

• ://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Illustrated examples of techniques used to coat MNs. (a) Dip coating. (b) Gas-jet drying. (c) Spray drying. (d) EHDA processes. (e) Ink-jet printing. Figure 3 was reproduced from [171] (© 2015 R. Haj-Ahmad et al., published by MDPI, distributed under the terms of the Creative

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• networks, which could simultaneously provide mechanical strength and continuous pathways for ions. These networks worked well as solid-state electrolytes in Li-ion batteries. To assemble the coordination polymer particles into a 2D configuration, dip-coating deposition was employed [141]. The evaporation

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• to remove the fat layer to the thickness of 3 ± 0.1 mm [31], and thawed before insertion testing on a 3D printed stretching mechanism to mimic skin in vivo conditions (Figure 2a). The MN arrays were initially oxygen plasma cleaned for 1 minute before dip coating with a concentrated aqueous solution

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• demonstrated enhanced osseointegration [58]. Additionally, drug release kinetics and duration from titania nanotubes (TNTs) can be controlled by modifying nanotube dimensions, surface chemistry, or by a polymer coating on the TNT implant surface through dip coating or plasma polymerization. Losic and co

• alginate, gelatin, and chitosan to enhance strength and durability [70]. In another strategy to improve the bioactivity of titania scaffolds, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was functionalized onto 3D TiO2 scaffolds based on a simple dip-coating method. ALP catalyzes the hydrolysis of organic phosphate that

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• well documented in the literature, and this paper provides a direct comparison under identical experimental conditions of electrochemical measurements and in identical units. In the first method, based on classical engineering, the bimetallic catalyst is deposited by dip-coating in a precursor solution

• consider here two distinct catalyst preparation methods. As a standard method used in the engineering context, we perform an acid etch of the titanium fibers (to generate surface roughness and thereby increase the specific surface area), followed by dip-coating of a noble metal salt precursor solution on

• porosities, which in the following we will call A and B) were pretreated in acid (12 M HCl at 85 °C) in order to generate surface roughness, then dip-coated with the catalyst precursor solution and dried. The dip-coating was repeated until the desired loading was achieved as determined by gravimetric methods

Ultrathin hydrophobic films based on the metal organic framework UiO-66-COOH(Zr)

• Miguel A. Andrés,
• Clemence Sicard,
• Christian Serre,
• Olivier Roubeau and
• Ignacio Gascón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 654–665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.65

• homogeneity [11]. Therefore, several strategies have been used for the deposition of MOF films [12], including direct growth [13][14], electrochemical deposition [15], inkjet-printing [16], dip-coating [17], layer-by-layer [18][19][20], Langmuir–Blodgett [21][22], chemical vapor deposition [23], spin-coating

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• graphitic content is present, but the overall material is rather inhomogeneous [18][23]. Most likely the physical powder mixture or the simple dip coating of the powder carbide precursor with the transition-metal catalyst lead to a very inhomogeneous starting mixture, which is responsible for the final

Pull-off and friction forces of micropatterned elastomers on soft substrates: the effects of pattern length scale and stiffness

• Peter van Assenbergh,
• Marike Fokker,
• Julian Langowski,
• Jan van Esch,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Dimitra Dodou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 79–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.8

• monolayers on glass using dip coating: Colloidal monolayers from sub-microscale and microscale particles were obtained by deposition of particles on an untreated microscopic slide of glass (75 × 26 mm2) (Corning®) using a dip coating process [45]. Specifically, a Langmuir–Blodgett trough (KSV Nima KN2002

• the barriers toward each other until a sharp increase in surface pressure was observed, indicating close packing of the colloidal monolayer. A single dip-coating cycle was done by pulling out the glass slide vertically at a speed of 0.5 mm/s while keeping the surface pressure constant. Dimples without

ZnO-nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor: Effect of nanostructure morphology on the sensing of heavy metal ions

• Marina Krasovska,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Irena Mihailova,
• Andrejs Ogurcovs,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Andrejs Gerbreders and
• Pavels Sarajevs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2421–2431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.227

• with a ZnO seed layer in order to provide adhesion of the nanostructured ZnO film to the glass surface, as well as epitaxial growth and the vertical alignment of nanostructures. It was prepared by dip coating using 5 mM zinc acetate (Zn(O2CCH3)2) solution in ethanol. The seed layer film was dried in a

High-throughput micro-nanostructuring by microdroplet inkjet printing

• Hendrikje R. Neumann and
• Christine Selhuber-Unkel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2372–2380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.222

• surfaces by a dip-coating or spin-coating process. Using this method, the spacing of the nanoparticles is controlled by the size of the micelles and by the coating conditions. Whereas block copolymer micelle nanolithography is a high-throughput method for generating well-ordered nanoparticle patterns at

• spacing between a few tens to several hundreds of nanometers is block copolymer micelle nanolithography (BCML) [8]. This technique is based on the self-assembly of metal-containing micelles on surfaces during dip-coating or spin-coating. BCML is very efficient in coating large areas with nanoparticles in

• quasi-hexagonal arrays. The spacing between the nanoparticles is controlled by the block copolymer used for forming the micelles and by the coating conditions, e.g., spin-coating and dip-coating parameters. BCML has been realized for preparing arrays of different types of nanoparticles, including gold

Sulfur-, nitrogen- and platinum-doped titania thin films with high catalytic efficiency under visible-light illumination

• Boštjan Žener,
• Lev Matoh,
• Giorgio Carraro,
• Bojan Miljević and
• Romana Cerc Korošec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.155

• (ammonium nitrate, urea), sulfur (thiourea) and platinum (chloroplatinic acid), coated onto glass substrates by dip-coating, and thermally treated in a muffle furnace to promote crystallization. The resulting thin films were then characterized by various techniques (i.e., TGA-DSC-MS, XRD, BET, XPS, SEM

• wastewater after the coloring processes, the water becomes colored, thus decreasing light penetration and consequently decreasing photosynthetic activity of organisms in wastewater [44]. The sols prepared in this work were deposited onto object glass substrates by dip-coating. The immobilization of TiO2 in

• determined by XPS measurements. The platinum in sample S3_N0.5+0.015 M Pt was added as the final layer in the form of chloroplatinic acid by dip-coating. The last number describes molar concentrations of the deposited solution. Thermal analysis The purpose of thermal analysis measurements (TGA-DSC-MS) was to

Nanoporous silicon nitride-based membranes of controlled pore size, shape and areal density: Fabrication as well as electrophoretic and molecular filtering characterization

• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Stefan Beirle,
• Fabian Enderle,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Othmar Marti and
• Alfred Plettl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1390–1398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.131

• . 12 nm) are deposited on the silicon oxide layer with a quasi-hexagonal order by self-organization. This is realized by dip-coating from a solution of Au salt-loaded PS–P2VP diblock copolymer micelles directly on the upper membrane face (coating is done without preceding deposition of appropriate

Semi-automatic spray pyrolysis deposition of thin, transparent, titania films as blocking layers for dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells

• Hana Krýsová,
• Josef Krýsa and
• Ladislav Kavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1135–1145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.105

• prevent recombination on this surface [3][4][5]. Blocking layers (BLs) can be fabricated by spray pyrolysis [3][6], magnetron sputtering [7], electrochemical deposition [8] spin coating [9][10], dip coating [11] and atomic layer deposition (ALD) [3]. From the viewpoint of low-cost processing and easy

Response under low-energy electron irradiation of a thin film of a potential copper precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID)

• Leo Sala,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Céline Dablemont,
• Anne Lafosse and
• Lionel Amiaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 57–65, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.8

• , probing a poorly conductive sample in HREELS is always challenging. However, it was possible to probe a part of the silicon surface in a corner without deposited material. The spectrum showed a small signature of THF, which was the solvent used in the dip-coating process (not shown). Therefore, we changed

• compound has been measured from evolution of the signal directly linked to the rarefaction of the precursor in the irradiation area. Experimental The precursor in gel form can be directly deposited on a surface or can be diluted in solvent for a dip-coating deposition, which both allow the study by surface

• , 2844, 2744, 2608, 2504, 2098, 1679, 1528, 1479, 1405, 1338, 1218, 1164, 1119, 1083, 968, 934, 817, 743, 719, 650, 589, 529, 452, 421; PE 422, 394, 331 cm−1. Dip-coating: Dip-coated samples were prepared in Toruń, Poland. Precursors were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, forming an almost saturated solution

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids used as additives in the nanolubrication of silicon surfaces

• Patrícia M. Amorim,
• Ana M. Ferraria,
• Rogério Colaço,
• Luís C. Branco and
• Benilde Saramago

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1961–1971, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.197

• imidazolium ring. Mo et al. [23] studied the lubricant properties of ILs based on the cation EMIM containing methyl, hydroxy, nitrile, and carboxyl groups deposited by dip-coating on Si surfaces. They found favorable friction reduction with [C2OHMIM][Cl] being the least efficient IL. In contrast, promising

Evaluation of preparation methods for suspended nano-objects on substrates for dimensional measurements by atomic force microscopy

• Petra Fiala,
• Daniel Göhler,
• Benno Wessely,
• Michael Stintz,
• Giovanni Mattia Lazzerini and
• Andrew Yacoot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1774–1785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.179

• substrates. Several known and proven particle preparation methods, i.e., membrane filtration, drying, rinsing, dip coating as well as electrostatic and thermal precipitation, were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy to examine their suitability for preparing samples for dimensional AFM

• properties (e.g., surface potential of material and substrate, tendency of nano-objects to agglomerate, adhesion force, size and shape). Therefore several preparation methods (membrane filtration, drying, rinsing, dip coating, electrostatic precipitation, thermal precipitation) on silicon (Si) and with

• . Dip coating (Immersion): In accordance with [20], the dip coating process consists of five stages. At first, the substrate is immersed in the conditioned suspension at a constant speed rate, where it rest for 10–15 min. A thin layer of the suspension adheres to the substrate after removal. The removal

BTEX detection with composites of ethylenevinyl acetate and nanostructured carbon

• Santa Stepina,
• Astrida Berzina,
• Gita Sakale and
• Maris Knite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 982–988, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.100

• –CB was synthesised via the solution method using 50 mL of chloroform. The mixture was made with 4 g EVA and 0.31 g of CB, which corresponds to 7.75 phr (parts per hundred rubber). The EVA–CB solution was applied through dip coating on an epoxy laminate substrate with two copper electrodes (Figure 1

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• casting, dip coating) is the ability to form conformal films on high aspect ratio structures, as seen in Figure 1. In traditional methods, polymers are pre-synthesized and dispersed in a solvent. This solution is then spread on the substrate of interest, typically by dip or spinning coating, and dried so

Fiber optic sensors based on hybrid phenyl-silica xerogel films to detect n-hexane: determination of the isosteric enthalpy of adsorption

• Jesús C. Echeverría,
• Ignacio Calleja,
• Paula Moriones and
• Julián J. Garrido

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 475–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.51

• , respectively. The films were synthesized by the sol–gel method and affixed to the end of optical fibers by the dip-coating technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption at 77 K and X-ray diffraction analysis were used to characterize the xerogels. At a given pressure of n-hexane

• adjusting the pH to 10.0 by addition of 0.5 M NH3(aq), the samples were placed on a shaker inside an oven at 333 K (Hotcold A, Selecta, Barcelona, Spain) for two hours. The deposition of films on the optical fibers was performed by dip coating. After two hours, colloidal suspensions were withdrawn from the

Nanostructured SnO₂–ZnO composite gas sensors for selective detection of carbon monoxide

• Paul Chesler,
• Cristian Hornoiu,
• Susana Mihaiu,
• Cristina Vladut,
• Jose Maria Calderon Moreno,
• Mihai Anastasescu,
• Carmen Moldovan,
• Bogdan Firtat,
• Costin Brasoveanu,
• George Muscalu,
• Ion Stan and
• Mariuca Gartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2045–2056, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.195

• prepared and deposited on a miniaturized porous alumina transducer using the sol–gel and dip coating method. The transducer, developed by our research group, contains Au interdigital electrodes on one side and a Pt heater on the other side. The sensing films were characterized using SEM and AFM techniques

• compared to its response to CO2, CH4, and C3H8, thus the sensor is considered to be selective for CO under these test conditions. Keywords: composite thin film sensor; dip coating; low detection limit; miniaturized alumina transducer; selective CO detection; sol–gel; Introduction For the past decade, the

• ., screen printing) or complicated wet preparation routes that require the use of special solvents and templates [23]. Usually the sol–gel technique combined in our case with dip coating is a low temperature process; it requires less energy consumption and causes less pollution – all features that make it

Optical absorption signature of a self-assembled dye monolayer on graphene

• Tessnim Sghaier,
• Sylvain Le Liepvre,
• Céline Fiorini,
• Ludovic Douillard and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 862–868, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.78

• types of depositions are reported: (i) drop casting of a droplet of a toluene solution containing the exact amount of molecules needed for a coverage of 0.45 molecule per nm2 (SAM 1) and (ii) dip-coating in a ca. 10−5 M solution in toluene followed by rinsing in toluene and ethanol (SAM 2). The

• transmission spectra of SAM1 and SAM2 are nearly identical and correspond to a rigid bathochromic shift of 0.14 eV (1130 cm−1) of the whole vibronic system. This quantitative similarity further supports the homogeneous formation of one monolayer by dip coating, as was shown in the case of drop casting. At the

• range of millimetres. Remarkably, in the absence of graphene coverage on the fused-quartz substrate prior to PTCDI-C13 deposition, completely different transmission spectra are observed. Actually, no measurable absorption is recorded after using the dip coating technique and the spectrum observed for

Magnetic switching of nanoscale antidot lattices

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Joachim Gräfe,
• Kristof M. Lebecki,
• Maxim Skripnik,
• Felix Haering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Eberhard Goering and
• Ulrich Nowak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 733–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.65

Cantilever bending based on humidity-actuated mesoporous silica/silicon bilayers

• Christian Ganser,
• Gerhard Fritz-Popovski,
• Roland Morak,
• Parvin Sharifi,
• Benedetta Marmiroli,
• Barbara Sartori,
• Heinz Amenitsch,
• Thomas Griesser,
• Christian Teichert and
• Oskar Paris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 637–644, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.56

• cylindrical pores with elliptical cross-section on an ordered pore lattice. The film is deposited on silicon-based commercial atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers using dip coating. This bilayer cantilever is mounted in a humidity controlled AFM, and its deflection is measured as a function of relative

• solution. In the third step, 1.9 g of aqueous 1 M HCl solution was added to the mixture prepared in the second step. This final precursor solution was then stirred for 2 h. The precursor solution was deposited on the cantilever by dip coating with a withdrawal speed of 2 mm/s. After letting the film rest

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• ) solved in water-free toluene and loaded by Zeise’s salt K[PtCl3(C2H4)]·H2O and FeCl2 or FeCl3 in the appropriate ratio for equiatomic FePt NPs. All chemicals were used as received. A self-assembled close-packed monolayer of precursor-loaded micelles forms on the substrates by dip coating at a typical

• conductivity before dip coating (applied for the small particles). Alternatively, such a surface conductivity was achieved by in situ flash evaporation of a few nanometers of amorphous carbon on top of the already prepared particles directly before RHEED inspection (applied for the larger particles). The

Sonochemical co-deposition of antibacterial nanoparticles and dyes on textiles

• Ilana Perelshtein,
• Anat Lipovsky,
• Nina Perkas,
• Tzanko Tzanov and
• Aharon Gedanken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.1

• nanoparticles on the fabric surface. It was shown that the antibacterial behavior of the metal oxides was not influenced by the presence of the dyes. Higher K/S values were achieved by sonochemical deposition of the dyes in comparison to a dip-coating (exhaustion) process. The stability of the antibacterial

• undergo chemical changes. A control dyeing was carried out by dip-coating the fabrics in an alkaline (ammonia) dye solution for 60 min, the same time as the sonochemical coating reaction. Higher K/S values were obtained for the sonochemically ZnO-coated samples as compared to the regular dip-coated